Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property

Property law
Part of the common law series
Acquisition of property
Gift  · Adverse possession  · Deed
Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
Bailment  · Licence
Estates in land
Fee simple  · Life estate  · Fee tail
Concurrent estate  · Leasehold estate
Conveyancing of interests in land
Bona fide purchaser  · Torrens title
Estoppel by deed  · Quitclaim deed
Mortgage  · Equitable conversion
Limiting control over future use
Restraint on alienation
Rule against perpetuities
Rule in Shelley's Case
Doctrine of worthier title
Nonpossessory interest in land
Easement  · Profit
Covenant running with the land
Equitable servitude
Related topics
Fixtures  · Waste
Assignment  · Nemo dat
Other areas of the common law
Contract law  · Tort law
Wills and trusts
Criminal Law  · Evidence
view /edit this template

In the common law of property, personal belongings that have left the possession of their rightful owners without having directly entered the possession of another person are deemed to be lost, mislaid, or abandoned, depending on the circumstances under which they were found by the next party to come into possession of them. The rights of a finder of such property are determined in part by the status in which it is found. Because these classifications have developed under the ancient and oftimes archaic common law of England, they turn on fine and nuanced distinctions.

Lost property

Property is generally deemed to have been lost if it is found in a place where the true owner likely did not intend to set it down, and where it is not likely to be found by the true owner. For example, a necklace found lying on the ground will be deemed to have been lost. At common law, the finder of a lost item could claim the right to possess the item against any other person in the world except the true owner. See Armory v. Delamirie, 1 Strange 505 (King’s Bench, 1722).

Most jurisdictions have now enacted statutes requiring that the finder of lost property must turn it in to the proper authorities; if the true owner does not arrive to claim the property within a certain period of time, the property is returned to the finder as his own. In Britain, many public businesses have a lost property desk, which in the United States would be called a lost and found.

Mislaid property

Property is generally deemed to have been mislaid (some courts refer to it as misplaced) if it is found in a place where the true owner likely did intend to set it, but then simply forgot to pick it up again. For example, a necklace found in a shop lying on a table or on a chair will likely be deemed misplaced rather than lost. The finder of a misplaced object has a duty to turn it over to the owner of the premises, on the theory that the true owner is likely to return to that location to search for their misplaced item. If the true owner never shows up, the property becomes that of the owner of the premises. See McAvoy v. Medina, 93 Mass. (11 Allen) 548, (1866).

Abandoned property

Property is generally deemed to have been abandoned if it is found in a place where the true owner likely intended to leave it, but is in such a condition that it is apparent that the true owner has no intention of returning to claim the item. Abandoned property generally becomes the property of whoever should find it and take possession of it first, although some states have enacted statutes under which certain kinds of abandoned property - usually cars and wrecked ships - become the property of the state.

Recent developments

In the United States, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws sought to address the problems arising from these types of property through provisions of the Uniform Unclaimed Property Act. The act was first drafted and promulgated in 1981, and was revised in 1995. The act specifically focuses on the problem of unclaimed money in bank accounts and corporate coffers.

Source

• Jesse Dukeminier and James E. Krier, Property, Fifth Edition, Aspen Law & Business (New York, 2002), p. 107-125. ISBN: 0735524378