Parasite

A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host organism at the expense of that host. The biological interaction between the host and the parasite is called parasitism. Parasitism is a type of symbiosis, by one definition, although another definition of symbiosis excludes parasitism, since it requires that the host benefit from the interaction as well as the parasite.

Parasites are generally smaller than their hosts, absorbing nutrients from the host's body fluids, but this is far from a universal strategy. Organisms whose life cycle guarantees the death of the host are not called parasites, but are parasitoids. A few parasites have hosts which are themselves parasites. These are called hyperparasites.

Examples

• Endoparasites (endo = within; parasites that live inside their hosts)
  • Plants
    • Rafflesia
  • Animals
    • Acanthocephala
    • Candiru (Vampire fish of Brazil)
    • Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke)
    • Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)
    • Enterobius vermicularis
    • Strepsiptera
    • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Fungi (such as ringworm)
    • Gymnosporangium and other rusts
  • Protists (Protozoa)
    • Malaria (a common blood disease caused by plasmodium)
    • Balantidium coli (the only ciliated protozoan to infect humans)
    • Giardia lamblia (the most common intestinal protozoan in the United States)

• Ectoparasites (ecto = outside; parasites that live on but not within their hosts, for example, attached to their skin)
  • Plants
    • Cuscuta
    • Mistletoe
    • Toothwort
    • The woodrose, Dactylanthus taylorii
  • Animals
    • Hirudinea (some leeches)
    • Phthiraptera (Lice)
    • Siphonaptera (Fleas)
    • Acarina (Ticks)
    • Tantulocarida

Many lifeforms are parasitic only during a part of their lifecycle. Many cuckoos, for example, are brood parasites: their young are parasitic on the host species, but adult cuckoos fend for themselves. In some cases, it may even be useful to view an embryo as a parasite of its mother (see parent-offspring conflict). This usage is controversial when applied to humans because it affects the perceived morality of abortion.[1]

The term parasite is also used for people who benefit from a relationship, society or system without contributing significantly to it, although they could; however this usage of the term is highly controversial because of its association with Nazism and its various extermination programs.

See also

• Intestinal parasite
• Saprophyte

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Division of Parasitic Diseases
    • DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern - Reference and Training as well as Diagnostic Assistance